Quantised Black Holes and Fractional Spacetime
Why bother with Quantum Black Holes? Does the Universe have a Fractal structure? Where do the dualities and linkages lie between the micro- and the macro- Universe? Two recent important discoveries of physics -- the confirmation that neutrinos have non-zero mass, and the confirmation that the universe is ever-expanding, perhaps at an accelerating pace -- create the need for new physics models beyond the Big Bang and the standard model of particle physics.
We have devoted much energy and effort to Quantum Entanglement, Quantum Teleportation, Quantum Cognition, Quantum Mind as well as the Fractal aspects of the Universe and Nature at the Macro-, Classical- and Quantum Micro- levels. Therefore, could it follow that at an ultra-high-resolution, the mini Quantum Black Hole geometry could also be fractal? Quantum Black Holes are an essential concept to HQR deliberations, leading to new frameworks for understanding particle physics and astrophysics, for unifying physics' four forces, and for reconciling Quantum Physics and General Relativity.
Quantised Fractal Spacetime
What are the implications of Quantised Spacetime -- space and time being granular, not continuous, at their smallest scales? The quantisation of time -- the existence of the chronon as time's smallest quantum -- leads to an explanation of the arrow of time. Quantised Spacetime moves us towards extended particles -- elementary particle building blocks that aren't just dimensionless points, but that have extended dimensions, as suggested by the original String Theory which is superseded by the Spirilla Theory.
Quantised Spacetime solves a problem that must be addressed in models that incorporate Black Holes, preventing the model from reducing to the naked singularity that appears deep inside a black hole. Quantised Spacetime is fuzzy spacetime, exhibiting the fractional dimensionality of complexity theory's fractal geometry. This leads to Quantised Fractal Spacetime, a framework in which a new Quantum Superstring Theory can be placed. The Nature of Everything (NOE) calls this the Spirilla Theory.
Quantised Fractal Spacetime's geometry is not our familiar geometry, the geometry dating back to Pythagoras and other Greek philosophers. Quantised Fractal Spacetime is non-Pythagorean, or ultra-metric: lengths and distances cannot be measured as in our familiar Pythagorean geometry. Quantised Fractal Spacetime is also non-commutative: its geometry, its spacetime, is not flat or ordered according to our usual formulæ of geometry and algebra.
When one uses a different form of mathematics -- p-adic mathematics -- one can begin to describe the physics of Quantised Fractal Spacetime, the fuzzy non-commutative spacetime. Physicists have found useful applications of p-adic mathematics for their work and mathematicians have demonstrated that p-adic numbers have a unique place alongside real numbers as the only two complete mathematical systems. Quantised Fractal Spacetime is a fuzzy non-commutative spacetime, which proposes a unification of electromagnetism with gravity, and in addition, brings physics' strong (and weak) forces into this unification.
Quantum Black Holes
The key lies in identifying matter particles -- Fermions -- with Quantum Black Holes. The horizon of the Black Hole -- the event horizon or dividing surface from inside of which nothing, not even light, will ever overcome the Black Hole's gravitational force -- corresponds to a critical quantum wavelength, called the Compton wavelength, based on the Physics Nobel prize (1927) winning work of Arthur Compton. He demonstrated X-rays' dual wave/particle nature. In the context of the fractal universe, the Compton wavelength is comparable to the thickness of the "brushstrokes" with which all of Nature is painted.
Quantised Fractal Spacetime, fuzzy spacetime, ultrametric and non-commutative mathematics are essential as we move away from conventional spacetime, generalise the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle and challenge conventional notions of scale. Looking at recent experimental suggestions of variation in the fine structure constant, which determines the smallest relevant Quanta of space and time, we can conclude that dimensionality is not absolute! It depends critically on the scale of resolution, from the Planck scale to cosmological distances. And then this leads us to the next leap: to quantum effects at multiple macro scales, universally!
Fluctuational Cosmology
The logical result is a framework of fluctuational cosmology. In this framework, the universe was created as a phase transition, a fluctuation in the background zero-point field. Dark energy -- the mysterious force fighting gravity, pulling the universe outward -- is one consequence. And more generally, fluctuational cosmology describes the emergence -- from a chaotic universe at the Planck scale -- of quantised Spacetime, the cosmology we inhabit, and all of the laws of physics.Attachment #1: Charm_Quark.jpgAttachment #2: Page_228_-_229_fermions.jpg