Dear Marcoen,

Thank you for your reply.

I am sorry. I apologize for my poor English.

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For example, if one would apply contact forces to a body with negative inertial mass (assuming there is such a thing in a world where also positive inertial mass exists). If I would push such a body away from me, it would accelerate towards me, or not? Doesn't this sound so...

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Dear Marcoen,

Thank you for your reply.

I am sorry. I apologize for my poor English.

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For example, if one would apply contact forces to a body with negative inertial mass (assuming there is such a thing in a world where also positive inertial mass exists). If I would push such a body away from me, it would accelerate towards me, or not? Doesn't this sound so implausible that we can dismiss the idea of negative inertial mass? I would be interested in your thoughts about this.

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For gravity, there is the influence of attractive force between objects with the same signs, but it does not come into existence, when applying this to electromagnetic force as it is. Charges with the same signs exchange repulsive force with each other, although this phenomenon is very weird, considering the case of gravity.

Most of people have strong aversion of negative mass, but no law of physics says there is only positive mass in nature.

I think that implausible phenomena in nature are phenomena against physical laws such as the law of conservation of energy or momentum, not our thoughts.

We are necessary to watch carefully the fact that sort of physical laws such as law of energy conservation or law of conservation of momentum do not deny negative mass.

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In your essay you write that "negative mass has repulsive effects towards each other so it cannot form any structure". ~

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As examined the equation of motion for negative mass, it is marked in form of F = -ma(m > 0), when attraction is applied together with nuclear force(when usually nuclear force is attraction, but has the form of repulsive core), and assuming nuclear force has the form of F = -Q(r) r^, Q(r) is the function of distance r, thus nuclear force is in the form of attraction worked in the direction of - r^. Because they form a binding structure together, regardless of the form of force~

Here, for the force worked on negative mass m,

F = - ma = - Q(r) r^

a = +(Q(r)/m) r^

The term of acceleration is positive, so the effect of increasing distance r, namely repulsive effect appears. This means that negative mass hard to form the structure like atom(massive nucleon, baryon, particle consists of multi elementary particle), because nuclear force has not binding negative mass when it is applied to negative mass. Also, gravity has not binding negative mass (repulsive).

We have to open up a lot of possibilities about negative mass(energy) and also, consider the possibility that negative mass does not make electromagnetic interaction.

In a particular case, negative mass can form the structure such as atoms, but in general, it seems it is difficult for it to form a large-scale structure like stars or galaxies.

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If small particles with negative inertial mass would exist everywhere in the universe, would not we then observe a constant incoming flow of these particles on earth?

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In my article,

If negative mass and positive mass were came into being together at the beginning of universe, since positive mass has attractive effects with each other, so it forms stars and galaxy. In addition, negative mass has repulsive effects towards each other so it cannot form any structure and may spread out almost uniformly across the whole area of universe.

Therefore, positive masses and negative masses are completely offset in the whole universe, but there is a local area where positive masses exist more than negative masses.

Owing to the effect of negative mass and positive mass, negative mass disappears near massive positive mass structures (such as the galaxy and galaxy clusters, etc.) after meeting positive mass. However, negative mass, which came into existence at the beginning of universe, can still exist in a vacuum state outside of general galaxy.

The current structure of the galaxy is a structure that survived in the pair-annihilation of positive mass and negative mass and, since negative mass existed outside of this galaxy structure, therefore it has not been observed at the Earth.

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how can we in principle detect a particle with negative inertial mass? In other words: how can we prove its existence?

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1. Theoretical calculation

After making new Friedmann eq., on the assumption that negative mass and positive mass coexist, we have to explain dark matters and dark energy using it, predict new phenomena and compare them with one...

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how can we in principle detect a particle with negative inertial mass? In other words: how can we prove its existence?

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1. Theoretical calculation

After making new Friedmann eq., on the assumption that negative mass and positive mass coexist, we have to explain dark matters and dark energy using it, predict new phenomena and compare them with one another.

Dark matter and dark energy come from one origin!

"Pair creation model of negative mass(energy) and positive mass(energy)" insists that dark matter is not different from dark energy each other, dark matter is the effect of centripetal force by negative mass out of galaxy, and dark energy is that positive gravitational potential term in total potential energy.

"Pair creation model of negative mass and positive mass" insists that dark energy is a gravitational potential energy(with positive value) between negative mass and positive mass.

As a matter of fact, through numerical calculation using a computer, the distribution having a similar value to the predicted rate of WMAP was revealed.( Refer to 6~7P)

We get a result at almost zero energy state.

(Zero rest mass energy)

Matter (U_posiposi) : -83.2 (Ratio:1)

Dark Matter (U_neganega) : -459.6 (Ratio:5.52)

Dark Energy (U_negaposi) : 1286.9 (Ratio : 15.46)

2. Computer simulation

1) Big bang simulation

We set up each model from the birth of universe to the present, and calculated GPE using computer simulation in each level.

As a result, we could verify that "pair creation model of negative mass and positive mass" explains inflation of the early universe and decelerating expansion, and present accelerating expansion in time series.

This simulation is showing incredible results.

It not only explains the total energy of the universe, flatness, and the essence (Total zero energy, pair creation of negative energy and positive energy) of the process of birth of the universe, but it explains inflation, decelerating expansion in the early stage, accelerating expansion(dark energy) in the late stage, and dark matter through the only term, negative energy. Moreover, this negative energy is one that is essentially required by the law of energy conservation.

- The Change of Gravitational Potential Energy and Dark Energy in the Zero Energy Universe :

http://vixra.org/abs/1110.0019

- Dark energy - Accelerating expansion of distant galaxy due to negative mass :

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=71nMvwUhHwE

- Inflation, accelerating expansion with pair creation of negative and positive mass :

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SRUqQM2FfNU

Therefore, a larger-scale, precise experiment is needed.

2) Bullet cluster simulation

Have a nice day!

---Hyoyoung Choi

p.s.: Your question contains a universal question about negative mass. Therefore, I would like to leave the opinions that I exchanged with you in the comment box of my article, unless you oppose it.

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HI Marcoen,

I appreciate your time, but I'm compelled to comment by the harmonious chord struck by you overview of EPT! I'm not likely to refer to your reference simply because it's unlikely that I cold reasonably follow your more detailed descriptions. However, your summary is remarkably similar to my own loosely conceptual model of quantum gravity. I really don't wish to waste your...

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HI Marcoen,

I appreciate your time, but I'm compelled to comment by the harmonious chord struck by you overview of EPT! I'm not likely to refer to your reference simply because it's unlikely that I cold reasonably follow your more detailed descriptions. However, your summary is remarkably similar to my own loosely conceptual model of quantum gravity. I really don't wish to waste your time, but briefly, a few points:

- In the early universe, particles could neither propagate nor be reabsorbed into the exceedingly dense/hot vacuum. As a result, their emission energy was reconfigured from its directionally propagating wave state to a localized particle state, likely directionally reconfigured such that it encompassed a point, everywhere directed to the focal point, counteracting directional propagation - this is potential mass-energy.

- The frequency/duration of propagation/particle state manifestation (of persistent stable particles) is a function of the immediate (universal), temporally varying vacuum energy density - at the moment of particle emission. As vacuum energy diminishes, configured mass decreases and propagation increases since particles are manifested as waves with increasing frequency/duration. Eventually, emitted particles are primarily 'perpetually' propagating photons.

- Eventual propagation direction is determined by particle spin at the moment it is remanifested as a wave. Since photons are, in effect, in a perpetual wave state, their propagation direction is seldom redetermined (by much).

- Note that if external directional energy is applied to a point-directed spherical field of self-opposed potential mass-energy, it can be at least partially opposed and absorbed by opposingly and similarly directed mass-energy, physically producing the effect of inertia.

In this scenario the particle mass assignment function of the Higgs field is simply and inherently performed by vacuum energy density, either allowing emission energy to produce linear propagation or requiring its reconfiguration as mass. Propagation direction is generally randomly determined by particle spin, but is influenced by the application of external energy (including gravitation). The frequency of wave state manifestation in any particular direction produces motion.

I'll desist now. Obviously there are some areas where the two conceptions disagree, but I find the similarities quite striking! Thanks for your time.

Best wishes, Jim

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